Naturism in the United States
Naturism in the United States is the practice of social nudity as a lifestyle that seeks an alternative to the majority view of American society that considers nakedness and sexuality to be taboo based upon the legacy of Puritan and Victorian attitudes. Enthusiasm for naturism began in the late 1920s with the establishment of members-only communities where naturists could gather to socialize and enjoy recreation without clothing in an environment that was no more sexual than that experienced while clothed. In later decades some groups began advocating for more general acceptance, and the opening up of public land to clothing-optional recreation.[1]
The mainstream American view of nude recreation (more often referred to as nudism than naturism) is that it is "tolerable deviant leisure activity" classified with moderate drinking and gambling.[2]: 45
However, "going naked" is listed among over 250 other pleasurable activities that can contribute to Americans' mental wellbeing in the context of the aftermath of disasters; in a book by psychologists Hamblen & Mueser.[3]
History
[edit]Organized nudism in American could be traced to 1929 when three German immigrants, part of the German social movement freikörperkultur, discussed the possibility of establishing nudism in the United States. One of them, Kurt Barthel, later founded the American League for Physical Culture (LPC).[4]: 1–17 In 1932, Barthel founded Sky Farm, the first nudist camp in the United States, located in New Jersey. LPC changed its name to American Sunbathing Association (ASA) in 1931 and to the American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR) in 1995, and is now headquartered in Kissimmee, Florida.[5]
Two members of LPC, Katherine and Herman Soshinki, founded the American Gymnosophical Association,[6] and later started the Rock Lodge Club also in New Jersey.
Public opinion
[edit]A New York Times article in the summer of 1974 noted the number of nude beaches and other signs that American attitudes and behaviors regarding nudity were approaching the openness associated with Europeans. In addition to public nudity, some people stated that they are more likely to be nude in and around their homes. Psychologists interviewed thought this was part of a general trend away from prudishness that would continue.[7] By the 1990s, although public opinions regarding sexuality continued to be liberal, attitutes toward public nudity were generally negative.[8]
National naturist organizations
[edit]American Association for Nude Recreation
[edit]The American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR) is a non-profit membership organization promoting the benefits of naturism. In 2001 it had grown to the world's largest naturist organization, with over 50,000 individual members and more than 230 affiliated clubs, resorts, and campgrounds. Headquartered in Kissimmee, Florida, AANR has regional branches responsible for local clubs and political activities. Although descending from the original social activist organizations of the 1930s, AANR has become more integrated with the mainstream American tourism and travel industries while retaining the language promoting naturism as healthy, family-oriented, and a "return to nature". However, many naturist resorts have the amenities, including beauty salons, restaurants, bars, and nightclubs, that upper-class patrons have come to expect. And although clothing, a universal indicator of status is absent, other status symbols including jewelry and cars are on display.[9] AANR maintains a presence at state lobbying events, not to advocate for new legislation but to make lawmakers aware of any action that they take which may have unintended consequences on the nude recreation industry, which generates billions nationwide.[10]
The Naturist Society
[edit]The Naturist Society (TNS) is an American naturist membership organization (LLC) founded in 1980 and based in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, United States by Lee Baxandall. Membership includes individuals, groups and recreational businesses. Its stated purpose is to provide "communication and coordination for the clothes-optional recreation movement as a natural solution to many problems of modern living. Believes that 'body acceptance is the idea, nude recreation is the way'. Conducts research programs, speakers' bureau, and specialized education."[11]
In the 1990s, TNS established two nonprofit adjunct organizations, governed by a board of directors elected by the TNS membership: The Naturist Action Committee (NAC), its political and legislative lobbying adjunct, and the Naturist Education Foundation (NEF). NAC advocates for the acceptance of skinny-dipping and nude sunbathing at designated clothing-optional public beaches. A 2006 Roper Poll commissioned by the NEF found that 74% of Americans accept this idea.[12]
TNS publishes a quarterly magazine Nude & Natural (also called N magazine) which contains articles on naturist activities and issues related to naturism. Photographs in the magazine seek to represent a full range of naturist participants. NAC publishes a newsletter and NEF publishes books on particular naturist topics.[13]
Events
[edit]July 14 is National Nude Day, a day that celebrates naturism and nudism (it is not an officially observed holiday).[14]
Local regulation of public nudity
[edit]Every state in the US has a statute or case law prohibiting indecent exposure or public lewdness. In general, it is indecent for a person to expose their genitals (private parts) for sexual gratification or to cause others to be offended or alarmed. For some laws, it is the perpetrator's intent that defines indecency, in others it is the response of an ordinary citizen. Lewdness is explicitly sexual behavior beyond mere exposure, and may include sexual activity in public with or without nudity. The Louisiana law has a lengthy list of prohibited acts. Both indecency and lewdness become serious crimes if committed in the presence of a minor, age being defined in the law. Indecent exposure does not apply in public spaces where removing one's clothes is expected, such as in a locker room, if the behavior is within the locally understood norms.[15] [16]
Designating a beach or other recreational area as "clothing optional" is recognizing that being nude for swimming and sunbathing is not always indecent or lewd. This is also the basis for designating a public space as clothing optional for a particular event.
San Francisco
[edit]Although arrests might have been made on days when few were nude,[17] tolerance for public nudity in San Francisco parks began in the late 1960s due to large groups of hippies dancing nude every Sunday in Speedway Meadow in Golden Gate Park, which continued into the 1970s.[18][19] In September 2011, San Francisco city supervisor Scott Wiener introduced an ordinance to put certain restrictions on public nudity in response to complaints about a group who regularly gathered at an outdoor plaza in the Castro. The announcement prompted additional individuals to be nude in protest, which also attracted tourists.[20][21][22] A suit to block the ordinance was rejected by a federal judge.[23] The ordinance passed on November 20, 2012,[24] went into effect on February 1, 2013, prompting additional protestors who were arrested.[25] The law banned public nudity but exempted children under five and participants in a parade or festival; and the prohibition included only "genitals, perineum, or anal region", thus not prohibiting women baring their breasts.[26] Since 2012, nudist events are still held in the city with a permit.[27]
Seattle
[edit]Social nudity has some acceptance in Seattle with a number of beaches where nudity is common, most notably Denny-Blaine Park where nude use began in the 1960s.[28][29] After decades of mixed enforcement, the city's law criminalizing nudity was struck down in 1990 on First Amendment grounds; the city repealed the law four years later. Washington State still has indecent exposure laws in effect; however, these are limited to conduct that the naked person knows is "likely to cause reasonable affront or alarm."[30]
Other states
[edit]A similar law exists in Oregon, but local jurisdictions and federal parks have their own restrictions, including bans on adult nudity.[31]
In Florida, Haulover Beach in Miami-Dade County is officially designated as clothing optional.[32]
In California, at least four of the establishments that existed in 1994 have since ceased operations. Southern California now hosts only three active landed clubs.[33]
Topfreedom
[edit]Topfreedom is explicitly prohibited in only three states, Indiana, Tennessee and Utah. In others it is permitted, or the laws are ambiguous.[15]
In New York State, it is not illegal for women to expose their breasts anywhere, but laws regarding disorderly conduct may be applied.[34]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Hile, Jennifer (2004-07-21). "The Skinny on Nudism in the U.S." National Geographic. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
- ^ Jenkins, John; Pigram, John (2004). Encyclopedia of Leisure and Outdoor Recreation. Florence, United States: Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-0-203-64739-4.
- ^ Hamblen, Jessica L.; Mueser, Kim T. (2021). "Appendix 21: Pleasurable Activities List" (PDF). Treatment for Postdisaster Distress. American Psychological Association. ISBN 978-1-4338-3613-8. Retrieved December 23, 2024.
- ^ Hoffman, Brian (2015). Naked: A Cultural History of American Nudism. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-9053-3.
- ^ Woodall, Ellen E. (2002). "The American nudist movement: From cooperative to capital, the song remains the same". Journal of Popular Culture. 36 (2). Wiley-Blackwell: 264–284. doi:10.1111/1540-5931.00006.
- ^ Harrison, Paul (July 15, 1933). "Nudists Exercise in Secret Gyms Between Outdoor Meets". Miami Daily News. p. 2, col. 1. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
- ^ Sterbas, James (1974-09-03). "Nudity Increases in America". The New York Times. p. 23. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ Layng, Anthony (1998). "Confronting the Public Nudity Taboo". USA Today Magazine. Vol. 126, no. 2634. p. 24.
- ^ Woodall, Ellen (2002). "The American Nudist Movement: From Cooperative to Capital, the Song Remains the Same". Journal of Popular Culture. 36 (2): 264–284. doi:10.1111/1540-5931.00006. ISSN 0022-3840. Retrieved 2019-12-27.
- ^ "The Naked Truth About Unintended Legislative Consequences". Governing. 2023-08-21. Retrieved 2023-12-27.
- ^ Attenberry, T.E., ed. (2017). "The Naturist Society, LLC (TNS)". Encyclopedia of Associations: National Organizations of the U.S. (56 ed.). Gale.
- ^ "2006 Roper Poll". Naturist Education Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 January 2007.
- ^ "Mark Storey :: Philosophy Department @ Bellevue College". Bellevue College. Retrieved 2023-10-28.
- ^ Smith, Erika W. (2019-07-13). "How To (Legally) Celebrate National Nude Day". Refinery29. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
- ^ a b "Clothing Laws by State 2023". Retrieved 2023-12-27.
- ^ "Public Indecency Law". Justia. 2018-04-25. Retrieved 2023-12-25.
- ^ "Hope Springs Eternal". Berkeley Barb. Berkeley, California. March 2, 1969. pp. 1–13. JSTOR community.28033211.
- ^ Johnson, Art (1969-03-28). "and still it glows". Berkeley Barb. p. 7.
- ^ "Untitled photo of topfree women at Speedway Meadows". Berkeley Barb. 1969-07-04. p. 11. JSTOR community.28033229.
- ^ Wollan, Malia (September 26, 2011). "Protesters Bare All Over a Proposed San Francisco Law". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
- ^ Fowler, Geoffrey (3 October 2012). "Proposed Ban on Public Nudity Offends Some in San Francisco". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
- ^ "SF's Most Notorious Nudist Stakes Her Claim to History". SF Weekly. December 2, 2015.
- ^ Ax, Joseph. "Nudists lose bid to block San Francisco ban on baring all". Reuters. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
- ^ Wollan, Malia (November 20, 2012). "San Francisco Officials Vote to Ban Public Nudity". The New York Times.
- ^ "4 arrested for defying San Francisco's nudity ban". www.cbsnews.com.
- ^ "Police Code - Prohibiting Public Nudity" (PDF). November 20, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
- ^ Michelle Robertson (23 February 2017). "Where to get naked in the Bay Area – and not feel weird about it". SFGate.
- ^ Toolis, Brittany (November 21, 2023). "Why? That's what residents are wondering as City of Seattle plans for playground next to nude beach". KIRO 7. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
- ^ Beekman, Daniel (2023-12-12). "Concerns swirl before meeting on Seattle's playground plan for nude beach". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
- ^ Boiko-Weyrauch, Anna (2018-09-18). "It's totally legal to be naked in public in Seattle". KUOW/NPR Network. Retrieved 2023-12-27.
- ^ Hale, Jamie (29 June 2015). "Public nudity in Oregon: Where you can and can't legally be naked in the open". The Oregonian.
- ^ "Haulover Beach, Florida – America's Best Clothing-Optional Beach". Retrieved 2023-12-27.
- ^ Daney, Charles (2022-10-17). "How serious has U.S. naturism's decline been in the past several decades?". Revitalizing Naturism. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
- ^ Glazer, Reena N. (1993). "Women's Body Image and the Law". Duke Law Journal. 43 (1): 113–147. doi:10.2307/1372748. ISSN 0012-7086. JSTOR 1372748. S2CID 53358345. Retrieved 2019-11-15.